Endrin is an organochlorine, a substance that has been used in pesticides and manufacturing plants [1]. Similar compounds include dieldrin and endosulfan [2] [3] [4]. Exposure is mainly either accidental or occupational and entails ingestion of contaminated food or water, absorption through the skin when in contact with contaminated soil for example, and inhalation of polluted air in industries. Symptoms usually resolve and patients fully recover after exposure has ceased, however, some cases of severe endrin poisoning (EP) are fatal.

Acute EP occurs unintentionally (although it can be deliberate), and mild exposure produces fewer complaints such as abdominal discomfort, headaches, and dizziness. Nausea and vomiting are also present. More severe signs are experienced with higher doses, this is exemplified by cardiac arrhythmias. As endrin mainly affects the central nervous system (CNS), multiple neurological disturbances can be noticed [5]. The most frequent of these is generalized tonic-clonic seizures. These may commence abruptly, with no prodromes, minutes to days after exposure [6]. They often recur over the course of a few days, and patients may exhibit episodes of altered mental status, such as confusion, and may be comatose. Repeated seizures contribute to fatalities by causing tissue hypoxia and acid-base derangement. Moreover, paresthesia, involuntary muscle movements, and gait instability have been reported [7]. Endrin can directly cause significant respiratory depression. Rarer manifestations such as hyperthermia have been described. Some symptoms following acute intoxication, namely general body weakness, fatigue, dizziness, and anorexia, persist for a number of weeks. Electroencephalogram (EEG) changes may be reported up to 6 months after the latest exposure [8]. Signs of chronic disease may include damage to the liver, lung, and kidneys.

Diagnosis is clinical and formulated by both anamnestic data and physical examination. It should be noted that the patient history serves to inquire about endrin exposure and, in addition, it is a tool for excluding organic causes of CNS dysfunction. Ensuing studies should be conducted with the same aim if the history is unclear. These include a basic metabolic panel, arterial blood gases, toxicology screen, liver function tests, urine microscopy culture and sensitivity and blood glucose testing. Certain values may be deranged due to organ dysfunction that can be made evident by hypoxemia, metabolic acidosis, hyperkalemia, raised creatinine levels, tachycardia or bradycardia, and increased serum bilirubin. A head computerized tomography (CT) scan and cerebrospinal fluid analysis may be advised. Chest X-rays are taken if poisoning occurred through inhalation. Abdominal X-rays are instrumental in detecting ingested pesticides containing endrin or other organochlorines [9].

Blood samples are, via chromatography, play an important role in the detection and measurement of organochlorines in the body. As there is a toxic threshold, it is crucial to note that a positive result may simply indicate exposure, and not endrin poisoning [10]. The metabolism of endrin leads to the excretion of its metabolites in urine. The concentration of the latter may be measured, however this technique is preferentially employed in cases of chronic exposure.

Treatment for endrin poisoning is primarily supportive and symptomatic. There is no specific antidote for endrin. In cases of acute exposure, decontamination procedures such as washing the skin and removing contaminated clothing are crucial. Activated charcoal may be administered to limit absorption if ingestion is recent. Seizures and other severe symptoms are managed with appropriate medications and supportive care in a hospital setting.

The prognosis for endrin poisoning depends on the severity of exposure and the timeliness of treatment. Mild cases with prompt treatment often result in full recovery. However, severe cases, especially those involving significant neurological damage, may have a poorer prognosis with potential long-term effects. Early intervention and supportive care are key to improving outcomes.

Endrin is an organochlorine compound that was used as an insecticide. It is highly toxic to humans and animals, affecting the central nervous system. Exposure can occur through inhalation, ingestion, or skin contact. Although its use has been largely discontinued, endrin can still be found in the environment, particularly in soil and water near former agricultural sites.

Endrin poisoning is rare, especially in countries where its use has been banned. However, cases may still occur in regions with historical use or improper disposal practices. Occupational exposure is a risk for workers in industries dealing with old pesticide stocks or contaminated sites. Environmental exposure can also occur in communities near such areas.

Endrin affects the central nervous system by interfering with the normal function of neurons. It disrupts the balance of neurotransmitters, leading to overstimulation of the nervous system. This can result in symptoms ranging from mild neurological disturbances to severe convulsions and coma. The compound is lipophilic, meaning it can accumulate in fatty tissues, prolonging its effects.

Preventing endrin poisoning involves minimizing exposure to the compound. This includes adhering to regulations regarding the use and disposal of pesticides, using protective equipment when handling contaminated materials, and monitoring environmental levels in areas with historical use. Public health measures and education can also help reduce the risk of exposure.

Endrin poisoning is a serious condition resulting from exposure to a highly toxic pesticide. While its use has been restricted, exposure can still occur, particularly in areas with historical contamination. Symptoms range from mild neurological disturbances to severe convulsions and coma. Diagnosis involves clinical evaluation and laboratory testing, while treatment is supportive. Prevention focuses on minimizing exposure and adhering to safety regulations.

If you suspect exposure to endrin, it is important to seek medical attention promptly. Symptoms can include headaches, dizziness, nausea, and in severe cases, convulsions. Treatment involves supportive care, and early intervention can improve outcomes. Preventive measures include avoiding areas with known contamination and using protective equipment when necessary.

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